Life in a Rural Village

Everyday

I want to try and give an impression of everyday life in a rural village in Malawi, based on the visits I have made to about 15 or so villages in central and southern Malawi over the last few weeks. These impressions are gleaned from spending a few hours only in each village as I haven’t stayed overnight in a village at any stage, so that tempers my observations. And obviously I am an outsider, an observer only, and a foreigner at that! However, I hope I can convey a little bit of what life is like for rural dwellers here.

Villages are dotted all over the countryside, you can’t really go far off the beaten track and not find yourself in a village. They range in size from a few households to several hundred households. 

 

 

The typical dwelling is made from bricks, produced and fired locally, with a thatched or a corrugated iron roof. Some houses are made from unfired bricks or from mud. Thatch is made from local grasses and usually laid over plastic sheeting such as black polythene. Houses are generally quite small, maybe only one or two rooms, as the cooking and bathroom facilities are outside in other brick or mud structures, which may or may not have a roof.

Some houses are plastered and then painted, but only a few I have seen have been plastered on the inside, most just have brick walls inside which makes them very dark. Windows are small, with wooden frames. In some cases there is glass in the windows, but sometimes the window space is filled with wood or with bricks until the household can afford to install glass. 

Houses are raised up a little on concrete foundations to prevent water entering the house during the rainy season. Most have a small porch made of concrete or bricks, which is where a lot of life happens. During the day much of the household activity takes place outside, I think at least partly because the interior of the houses are so dark.

In most villages, houses are very close to one another with roads or paths running right through the middle of the villages, with houses only a few metres on either side. This close proximity of homes, combined with the outside nature of so many activities, gives a communal sense to daily life. As we have walked around villages, I have been very conscious of wandering through people’s backyards, past their cooking fires and latrine areas, and feeling I am far too close to their everyday life, but it seems to be acceptable. I certainly don’t think they would comprehend the ¼ acre section/block mentality of household life in the ‘burbs of NZ or Aust.

The paths and communal areas are all unsealed, so at this time of year it is very dusty. During the rainy season it must get muddy very quickly. Some people do have little gardens outside their homes with plants either in pots or in the ground, but I haven’t even seen any lawn or other similar dense patches of vegetation to keep the dust down. Chickens, goats and dogs wander between the houses, while pigs tend to be kept in some sort of pen. I have only seen cattle in one or two villages.

Women and children, dressed in everyday clothes

Agricultural Activities

Most of the villages I have visited do not have any electricity so the rhythm of daily life is dictated by sunrise and sunset, while the seasons dictate the activities that occur during the year. All the farmers we interviewed grow crops of some sort, including maize. Other food crops they might grow include sweet and irish potatoes, beans and various other pulses, peanuts, pumpkins, tomatoes, cassava and fruit trees. Tobacco is the dominant cash crop in Malawi so the country’s foreign earnings have been hit by the decline in global smoking rates. It is a difficult scenario as these subsistence farmers rely on the income from tobacco, and changing the crops they grow to something with a brighter future is a slow process. Other important cash crops in different areas include cotton, rice, sugar cane and tea.

Many farmers also have chickens and goats for meat, they don’t seem to use goat milk at all. The dairy industry is very rudimentary and un-developed so dairy cows are rare. And although we did see pigs in some villages, there weren’t a lot of them.

The average size of farms is greater in the north of the country where the population density is lower, and decreases in the south where often a household may only own half a hectare of land. Across all the farmers in our survey, the average farm size was less than 2 ha. That’s not a lot of land from which to feed a family and of the farmers we interviewed, on average they were only about to grow enough food to feed the household for about 9 months of the year. In order to make ends meet, they engage in paid work off the farm if they can or grow crops to sell.

Most agriculture in Malawi is rain-fed, with only limited areas being irrigated. There are some commercial farms, mainly tea and cotton plantations which are more likely to be irrigated. So this means that crops are grown in the wet season and the land is usually left fallow for the dry season, once the harvest is in.

Because the rains were erratic at the start of the growing season in Nov/Dec 2011, crop yields are down on previous years and the government has estimated that by Feb/March 2013, up to 1 million people will be facing food shortages and hunger, particularly in the south of the country.

The Reality

It is tempting to view village life through rose-tinted glasses as an idyllic, leisurely way of life, more in tune with the seasons and mother earth than our frantic city-based lives, and to romanticise about the way that villagers are living close to nature and so somehow are more pure and untainted by modernity.

The reality is that life in a rural village in Malawi is very tough. It is physically hard work – almost all agricultural activities are carried out by hand, including cultivation of the fields, planting, weeding and harvesting. Animals are rarely used to plough or cultivate fields, and on small-holdings there is no mechanisation. This does mean that having trees growing right in the fields, amongst the various crops, does not cause any issues as the farmers just cultivate and grow around them.

All food preparation is done by hand and food is cooked over an open fire, fueled by firewood that has to be collected by hand and carted home, on the head. Most villages have pumps for water that are relatively central, but water is again carted home in basins balanced on the head. And any hot water for washing or cooking must be heated over the fire.

 

Cooking shelter made from thatch

Toilets are hand-dug latrines, 

surrounded by brick walls 

but sometimes open to the sky.

When you want to build a house, you make your own bricks on-site – you dig the clay, fashion the bricks in a mould, leave them to dry for a time, then fire them in a kiln on site – fueled by local firewood. And then you can start building. A lot of furniture is also locally made, with some villagers specialising as carpenters. But again, all the tools are hand-tools – chisels, saws, hammers. There is no power, so no power-tools!

The lack of electricity means you can’t read at night, but then most homes wouldn’t have any books. Paraffin lamps are the main source of light although some households do have a small solar panel to provide electricity for a light, a radio or, very occasionally a television, or to recharge the ubiquitous mobile phone! Many people do have mobile phones as landlines are virtually non-existent in most areas, but accessing the electricity to charge them is a challenge. Some enterprising folks have set up battery-charging stands as a business where they have access to power.

The lack of electricity means also means there is no refrigeration, no internet access, no washing machine or iron, no stereo, no heaters when it is cold at night. Clothes are hand-washed and hung out to dry. But because everything is so dusty, they don’t stay clean for long.

The most common form of transport, apart from walking, is the bicycle and many households do own one. This allows people to travel from village to village and for the longer distance exchange of goods and ideas and gossip. For long trips, people will catch a bus or minibus, if they can get to the main roads and if they have the money for the fare.

Children in the villages play the games that children play everywhere – chasing one another or kicking a ball around. Football (soccer) is huge here and many villages have a football pitch. Some children will have a proper ball, others make do with a homemade ball fashioned from a dense wad of plastic bags tied together in a sphere. These homemade balls are remarkably robust and many children have amazing ball skills. Girls often play netball, with hoops roughly fashioned in an approximation of a circle. And younger children often play with a bicycle wheel or tyre, steering it down the road with a stick. But there are no plastic toys, or dolls, or tonka trucks to entertain the youngsters.

In one village, we chanced across a woman earning some additional cash by brewing homemade alcohol. The fermentation process was followed by steam distillation, with the photo below showing the rudimentary apparatus. It took about a week or so from start to finish and she brewed up a few litres each time for sale. In the same village, there were a few young men who had been indulging in the product who were very happy to pose for photos for me!

Steam distillation of alcohol provides additional cash income for this

 woman

Home-made entertainment after consumption!

The role of the church is very strong in the lives of almost all Malawians and in villages, many activities are centred around church life. This provides a strong social focus for people, as well as spiritual support. There is also a lot of interaction with various government and non-government agencies such as agricultural extension officers and health workers and others, so these interactions in bring new ideas and technologies, and help keep people informed. Radio is a powerful medium for communication in these rural societies too.

However, I know I would not be able to live this life, to live without books and without access to so many things I consider necessities. For me, the spectre of unremitting boredom looms over the idyll, however close to nature it would bring me.

Life and Work

I am sitting under the shade of a large mango tree in a village, enjoying the protection it offers against the heat of the afternoon sun. Next to me on the bamboo mat is a local woman in her mid-forties answering questions posed to her by one of my team members. An older woman joins us, she is the mother of the interviewee, and seated across from us is the daughter, surrounded by a bevy of children of varying ages. They are wide-eyed at having a “mazungu”, a foreigner, in their midst and they watch me closely.

Four generations of African women sitting under a mango tree in a village in rural Malawi. The context of my fieldwork here is so very different from what I am used to! My team member is asking questions in Chichewa, the local language, asking about the crops grown and the size of the property, the type of fertiliser used and the about the history of changes in the landscape. But the main aim of the questionnaire is to find out what types of trees farmers have on their properties and how they manage those trees.

Team member conducting a farmer interview

We are conducting surveys with smallholder farmers in 4 regions in central and southern Malawi. This work is part of a larger project trying to understand changes in tree cover across the broader landscape (using historical aerial photographs and contemporary satellite images), and documenting the current diversity and abundance of trees at a more local scale. Malawi suffers from significant ongoing deforestation, running at about 2-3% per annum I believe. This is a consequence of areas of forest being converted into agriculture as the population continues to increase and more productive land is required. Coupled with this is the use of woody biomass as the main source of energy for cooking and other activities. Even here in Lilongwe it is estimated that 80% of the population uses charcoal for cooking using little purpose-built stoves, as it is cheaper (and more reliable!) than electricity or gas. Which may explain the rather thick smog that blankets the city on these cool mornings!

Trees in background, with sweet potato + maize

This demand for firewood and charcoal is taking a huge toll on the remaining forest stands, and encouraging farmers to grow trees on their farms which supply their firewood needs not only protects these areas but also decreases the time required to collect firewood, which can be a very time-consuming chore for rural women. From the data we have already collected, it is pretty clear that the main reason farmers manage the trees within their fields is to provide firewood. Obviously the trees are also supplying various timber products and products such as nuts and fruits, with mangoes being one of the dominant species we have found so far. I have been pleasantly surprised at how many trees farmers have on their land and the diversity of species. To my eye, there are many more trees in the agricultural landscape here than I am used to in either Aust or NZ, but I guess the protected forest areas here are much smaller and less numerous.

Our survey will provide much needed data about the diversity of indigenous species growing on farms, as much of the work that has been done around trees in the agricultural context has focused on introduced species, particularly agroforestry species. The organisation with which I am working, ICRAF (International Centre for Research on Agroforestry, aka World Agroforestry Centre – worldagroforestry.org), has been undertaking research for the past 25 years on agroforestry technologies which aim to increase the number of trees in the agricultural landscape. Some of these trees are grown to improve soil nutrient levels, especially those which fix nitrogen, or to decrease soil erosion, improve soil-water relations, provide fodder for livestock, or shelter and shade for people, livestock and crops. Other trees are grown for their timber products or fruit, nuts, oils or medicinal products. And obviously in recent times, there is a huge interest in growing trees to sequester carbon.

Poles are used to construct small barns for livestock and a range of other uses

Faidherbia, an indigenous nitrogen-fixer, growing in cotton fields

ICRAF has its headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya, with several offices in other African countries, and in Asia and South America. The Southern African regional office is here in Malawi, and has about 20 or so permanent staff. There is a mixture of locals and non-locals, with scientists from Ethiopia, Zimbabwe and USA, and a PhD student from The Netherlands who is being funded by Irish Aid. In fact, quite a lot of funding is currently coming from Irish Aid, as well as other international sources. We are located about 15 km west of the centre of Lilongwe at the Chitedze Agricultural Station where the Malawian government Agriculture Dept has its research headquarters, and share the site with a couple of other international agencies including IITA and ICRISAT which do research on tropical agriculture, including plant breeding.

Village chief and his wife, she is wearing a chitengi over her skirt

But let’s head back to the village. Not only is the field work I am doing quite a departure from my previous work and the physical context very different, but my attire is also somewhat different to my usual field uniform. Back home, I would wear long trousers in the field, and sturdy shoes or boots, depending on what we are doing for the day. If it is really hot and the work allows for it, I might even wear shorts. But here I wear a skirt. Yes, I wear a skirt to do fieldwork, and sandals. It is completely impractical for me, but it is a sign of respect to the locals. Here women wear skirts and men wear trousers. I have worn trousers a couple of times in the villages, but it just doesn’t feel quite right and I can see the children being completely confused by this gender-bending concept!

A farmer 'poses' outside his home

The killer for me is that not only do I wear 1 skirt, I actually then wear an overskirt, overtop! Here is it called a “chitengi”, it’s a type of wrap, similar to a sarong. It’s really just a length of fabric, about 2 m long, that is tied at the waist. They are decorated in a range of traditional African patterns, often very colourful and sometimes even with political slogans or other messages on them. I bought a couple at the local market a few weeks ago. I probably don’t have to wear one, but again, it is respectful for me to do so. The women here all wear them over their skirts and I don’t really know why. A woman will own a number of chitengi and they are frequently used to strap a baby to the back, or to wrap a load in order to carry it or for a variety of other uses.

Because I don’t speak the language, I can’t conduct any of the interviews. I have a team of 2 or 3 others who interview the farmers at their houses in the village. My role is to go with the farmer, after the interview, and get a GPS reading of the location of the field. This means I do a lot of walking in a day as I traipse along dusty paths in the hot sun from one field to the next, hence why my field uniform of two skirts and sandals is so impractical for me - I get very hot and tired and dirty!

But I am deeply aware of how privileged I am to have this opportunity to do such an interesting research project in a country like this and to gain some understanding of village life here. I am walking the paths of rural Africa, surrounded by fields of cassava and peanuts and maize and sorghum, absorbing the gentle rhythm of life on the land, humbled by the material poverty I see all around me which contrasts so starkly with the rich depths of generousity and playfulness of spirit that epitomise the gorgeous people in this land, the “Warm Heart of Africa”.

Money and Shopping and Stuff

Exchange Rates and Other Complexities

When I first arrived here, I diligently changed some US currency at a nearby bank and received the official exchange rate of 166 Malawian Kwacha (K166) per $1. However, I quickly learned that such officious behaviour on my part was not rewarding – if I changed my money on the black market with the guys outside the stores downtown, I could get K270 for every US$1, so that’s what I did with the rest of my cash. However, sadly whenever I withdrew money from my Aussie account using an ATM, the bank did the conversion using the official exchange rate, so I was stuck paying more for my kwacha.

Then about two weeks ago the new government bowed to pressure from the international financial gurus and devalued the kwacha to a more realistic figure - $US1 now buys K250 at the bank and on the streets! There had been pressure on the previous government to devalue to bring the kwacha into line with its true value, but that had been resisted and, as I understand from my limited comprehension of matters such as these, that helped precipitate the foreign exchange crisis that led to the shortages of fuel, drugs and other imported commodities.

From my perspective, the devaluation is a good thing because now my Aussie dollars buy me more kwacha, but for the average Malawian, the devaluation has meant an increase in the price of many goods and services, but no concomitant increase in income. And with the economy already running an inflation rate of around 10-12%, people really are struggling. I think this is why the previous government were loathe to devalue, as they knew it would hit folks pretty hard.

I don’t think there are any easy answers for a country like Malawi with a limited ability to export and earn foreign exchange coupled with the need to import many essentials and a faltering internal economy. It’s a tough one.

Acquiring Money

The largest denomination here is the K500 note, with K200, K100, K50 and K20 notes also and the remainder in coins. Having the K500 as the largest note would make sense in an economy where K500 actually bought you something significant, like a tank of fuel or a month’s supply of cat food. Here however, K500 (now equivalent to $2) will buy you half a dozen apples, or a loaf of bread plus a packet of biscuits. So in order to really buy much at all, you need quite a few K500 notes.

But at the ATM, you can only ever withdraw K20,000 at one time, which is barely enough to fill the tank or pay a week’s rent. However, that amount of money is dispensed to you in forty K500 notes and K20,000 is the limit because that is all that will fit through the slot in the machine! Such a thick wadge of notes is far too big to folded neatly or discreetly into any wallet or purse. I certainly feel very conspicuous leaving an ATM with such a pile of moolah, but as cash is king here and I can’t use a plastic card to pay for anything anywhere, I am forced to make the pilgrimage to the ATM at regular intervals and stock up on piles of banknotes. The only transaction I have managed to put on my credit card was for the rental car and everything else – my rent, out-of-town accommodation, groceries, lunches at cafes – is paid in cold, hard cash. My debit card wallows unused and unloved in my wallet, never seeing the light of day.

The craziness of this situation was highlighted to me last week as we prepared to go on a 3 day field trip for work. As well as booking a vehicle and sorting out the staff who will come along, one of the key activities of any overnight work trip is to fill in a Travel Authorisation (TA) and get it approved so that the finance officer can write you a cheque for all your expenses, which you cash in advance of the trip. Thankfully the TA is only one page long and fairly easy to fill in, but the wonderful thing about it is that it uses old-fashioned carbon paper technology to make multiple copies – in this case 7 copies!!! The bottom one is barely legible! Carbon paper is still used on a daily basis all over this country as people write out receipts for each transaction. There may be some young people reading this who don’t know what carbon paper is, so I suggest you ask an elderly relative to explain the concept to you! Suffice to say that in today’s digital world, when you send an email and “cc” it to someone extra, then the “cc” stands for “carbon copy”.

Enough of a technological digression, back to the real business of money. I filled in my TA which was to cover the accommodation and meal expenses for myself and two other team members, which came to K130,000 (about $500). As I said, we can’t put any charges onto a credit card here so everything has to be paid for in cash. I duly got my cheque and trotted off to the bank and joined the queue. And waited. I was in the queue for half an hour – luckily I didn’t have anything else really urgent to do! The very helpful teller then exchanged my one piece of paper, the cheque, for a pile of K500 bank notes - all 260 of them! The pile was about 8 cm high! I hate to think how much cash you need if you are going away for a longer trip.

However, there is some good news. The K1000 note has just been released in the last few days, as have new printings of the other denominations - Hallelujah! The new notes are much smaller and seem to stack into thinner piles than the older ones, so I think they will be much more user friendly and less obtrusive.

Spending Money

Where I come from, the full dexterity of the English language is required to enable the word “shop” to operate as both a verb and a noun. The verb “to shop” as in “I shop, you shop, she shops till she drops” is used to describe the act of “shopping”. As a noun, “shop” means a physical building, with four walls and a roof and a door, as in a “bookshop, toyshop, bicycle repair shop”.

A local bicycle repair shop (just for Trevor) - these are very common due to number of bikes that need repairing!

In this part of the world, they have dispensed with the need for the noun. I have concluded that you can buy everything you could possibly require from vendors operating at the side of the road! Need fruit? Then let me sell you bananas, mandarins, apples! Veggies, tomatoes, salt, sugar, dried beans, dried fish, fried doughnuts, chicken kebabs - all available from your friendly roadside supplier. The most ubiquitous are the folks selling groundnuts (aka peanuts) with a vendor ready to sell you a plastic bag of nuts stationed every 500m or so on busy roads! And you shouldn’t have to walk far to find someone who will sell you bananas too. And if you want some animal protein to round out your diet, you can take a chance on some fresh fish or acquire some live chickens or try out the local butchery with whole animal carcasses swinging in the breeze under a thatched shelter (roof only, no walls, and no refrigeration!!!) or on a tree branch in the shade. Needless to say I am happy to buy plant products from such vendors but I only buy meat from a supermarket. Still, the roadside meat is cheap – we stopped on the way home from the field the other day and acquired some goat meat for about $3 a kg for one of the team.

But it is not just food you call buy from folks along the roadside. Should you require new shoes, a phone battery, car batteries, toys, generators, motor mowers, plants for the garden, clothes, lingerie, cutlery, crockery, pots and pans, radios, CDs, DVDs, books, newspapers, puppies, kittens, chickens, pigeons, cement, wrought iron gates, window frames, net curtains, firewood, charcoal, wooden clothes airers – all are available from a street vendor, somewhere in the city. And it is not just limited to small household items. If you go to the right parts of town, you can buy cane furniture, bedroom furniture, cabinets, tables, chairs and couches direct from the manufacturers spread along the roadside, under open-sided shelters. Many of these furniture-makers are once again making furniture for the living, which is a good sign. 10 years ago they would have been making coffins but the arrival of anti-retroviral drugs has decreased the death toll from HIV/Aids and my understanding is that the average life expectancy has risen from around 40 years in 2004 or so, to about 51 years now. Having said that, you can still buy coffins direct from the manufacturer along the side of the road if you need one!

About the only thing I haven’t seen for sale in roadside stalls are fridges, but that just means I haven’t discovered the right part of town yet!

It is possible to haggle with the roadside vendors for a better price than what they are offering, but I am completely useless at it. For example I needed to buy some new sandals for field work the other day and couldn’t be bothered searching round to find them, so tried on the first reasonable pair I saw and decided to buy them. The vendor first told me the price was K3,800 but for me, he would drop the price to K3,500. I said no, I would pay him the K3,800, instead of beating down the price further! I would never make it in true market economy where haggling is expected! But I figured that for me to pay $15 rather than $14 for the sandals, that is still very cheap and I can live without the $1, whereas maybe the K300 extra for him will make his day a little easier.

The Price of Stuff

So what does your pile of kwacha buy here? Well, petrol is about $2 a litre when you can get it, a loaf of bread is about K300 ($1.20), a can of peaches $2, a litre of milk about 80 cents, a 500g box of muesli about $5, while a dozen eggs might set you back $2.50. Meat is relatively cheap (and it’s mostly beef, with a bit pork but I haven’t seen any lamb) while cheese is quite expensive and not very good. I spend about K2,000 ($8) a week on fresh fruit and veggies if I go to the market, and $30-$40 on other items, but I do shop at the more expensive supermarkets and tend to buy at the more expensive end of the range, so I could live much more cheaply if I really wanted to. I did a big supply shop when I first moved in and probably spent about $100 but I am still munching my way through the pasta and rice and other staples I bought back then and I won’t get through it all by the time I leave.

If I go out and have a coke, a 150ml bottle generally costs K150 (about 60c), although I was very surprised to only be charged K60 the other day! In comparison a “green” in a pub costs K300 – a “green” being a bottle of Carlsberg beer, which according to the advertisements here, “is probably the best beer in the world”. Not being an officiando, I am completely unqualified to pass judgement on such a statement, but it does seem a bold call to make. However, if the comparison is Chibuku, the local brew, which comes in a cardboard tetra-pak container not dissimilar to a milk carton, which has the exhortation “Shake, Shake” written on it, then Carlsberg might have a point! Apparently the brewing process of the local beer does mean that shaking it is required to make it drinkable, but again I can only take that on hearsay as I ain’t going to try it for myself!

As for the big ticket items, you can buy a dwelling in some poorer parts of the city for maybe K250,000 ($1,000). That will get you a small house with brick walls, a corrugated iron roof and no ceiling. There is unlikely to be a bathroom inside, instead there will be facilities in an adjacent structure, and you may also need to cook on your charcoal stove outside. But if you earn a salary of K15,000 a month ($60) as a housekeeper or night-watchman or gardener, then that’s about what you can afford. And plenty of people don’t earn that amount of money per month. The minimum wage has just been increased to about K8,000 per month ($30 or so), which would be very tough to survive on. School fees are a big expense for many families. Although primary schooling is free (and provided for 8 years for each child), it costs about K9,000 ($35) for each secondary school term, and that cost three times a year for each child is just too much for many low-income families. I have noticed, however, that many people in the city who have jobs also have a plot of land somewhere to grow maize and other crops, which means they can meet some of the food requirements for the household that way.

A more substantial home in a more affluent part of the city, comparable to an average 3 bedroom home in the middle suburbs of any NZ or Australian city will probably cost you in the order of 10 million kwacha which sounds like a lot of money but is only $40,000. However, the interest rates on mortgages here run at 26% per annum, so that’s a tad higher than I am used to!!! Still, folks at work expect to pay off their loans in about 4-5 years, so that’s a better proposition than most of us can expect, and they are grateful that the rates have dropped from their peak of 43% pa! Technicians at work probably earn around $1,500 per month (so $18,000 pa compared with about $50,000 or so in Aust) which is a good salary for locals in this part of the world. Casual staff get about K50,000 per month, so that’s $200.

The presence of so many foreign agencies and international organisations who pay their staff in US dollars or Euros or other currencies does skew the market here quite badly. So the rent on our house is $1,500 per month which is typical for our part of town but much cheaper than the areas nearer the embassies. In comparison, renting a nice, but smallish home in the suburb next door would only cost about $200 per month.

Creative Accounting

Over the past few weeks as the new government settles in, there have been some interesting revelations about activities under the previous president. He brought down a zero-deficit budget last year, which was based entirely on earnings from within the country with no reliance on external aid money. Quite an achievement in a country that has always relied on donor money for about 40% of its income.

Except that the zero-deficit budget was not actually real, it was a fabrication based on some very creative accounting. What happened, as far as I can glean from the news reports and personal conversations I have heard, is that the Malawi Tax Office took a bank loan for K15b (b = billion, so about $600m) and declared the loan as tax revenue on their books, ie as earned income, rather than a loan. The finance minister signed off on the arrangement and tabled the accounts in parliament as a true and accurate record of the state of the nation’s position, which was then approved by the government. It is only now that they have confessed that in fact the K15b is a loan, that tax-payers must repay, not actually tax revenue!!! I guess it is one way to balance the books, but not a very sustainable option in the long-term! The rumours now are that the actual amount borrowed may be closer to K30b, but it is hard to know just what the real figure is likely to be. But sadly, the general tax-paying population are the losers in the long term for this little adventure in attempting to balance the books.